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Well, folks, gather ’round the digital water cooler, because if you thought the world couldn’t get any weirder, the FBI just dropped a bombshell that proves we’re living in a perpetually escalating reality TV show. Picture this: the pristine South Lawn of the White House, usually reserved for Easter Egg Rolls and presidential decrees, transformed into an octagon of pure American spectacle. We’re talking UFC Freedom 250, a bare-knuckle brawl where the only thing more shocking than the knockout blows was the A-list guest list – President Trump, Vice President JD Vance, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg (presumably taking notes on how to monetize head trauma), and even Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, all basking in the glory of democracy, capitalism, and highly coordinated violence. And because nothing says ‘freedom’ quite like a stablecoin bonus, the event was proudly sponsored by crypto titans like Crypto.com, Exodus, and World Liberty Financial, offering a cool $1 million CRO token bonus pool. Because, of course, a revolution can wait, but that crypto portfolio won’t manage itself.

From Dance Challenges to Drone Designs: The ‘Vanguard’s’ Digital Journey

But before the champagne corks could truly pop (or before Zuckerberg could pitch a metaverse cage fight), something far more sinister was brewing. Not in some shadowy lair in a far-off land, but right here in the good ol’ US of A, fueled by… TikTok. Yes, you read that right. A group calling themselves the ‘Vanguard of the Old’ (which sounds less like a revolutionary cell and more like a retirement home’s Dungeons & Dragons club) reportedly started their plotting on the very platform known for dance challenges and dubious life hacks. From TikTok, they wisely migrated to Signal, because, you know, plausible deniability is key when discussing explosive-laden drones.

A Two-Act Play of Mayhem: Explosives, Stampedes, and Snipers! Oh My!

Their grand scheme? A multi-state, multi-pronged attack that reads like a rejected screenplay for a B-movie spy thriller. According to federal prosecutors, five gentlemen—Tycen Proper of Ohio, Daniel Eskridge of Missouri, Abraham Hermosillo Alvarez of Nebraska, and California’s Bryan Omar Roa and Michael Alan Thomas—planned to descend upon Washington D.C. Their first move: deploy drones packed with explosives, detonating them over the UFC venue. The goal wasn’t necessarily to vaporize the crowd (though that sounds like a side effect), but to ‘drive attendees from the venue.’ One can only imagine the chaos: bewildered senators scrambling, Zuckerberg attempting a hasty VR escape, and Trump probably still trying to figure out if it was a drone or just a really aggressive pigeon.

But wait, there’s more! As the high-profile spectators, sticky with stablecoin sweat and popcorn, stampeded towards the exits, the ‘Vanguard of the Old’ had a second act ready. Snipers, “preferably with long guns,” would be positioned near the southern evacuation point, ready to pick off “high-value targets” among the fleeing masses. It’s an almost impressively convoluted plan, a two-step program for maximum mayhem: first, scare them silly with flying bombs; then, pick them off like ducks in a barrel. Truly, the logistical genius of men who get their revolutionary ideas from TikTok is unmatched.

The Grievance Grab Bag: Why They Were Mad (About AI Data Centers?)

Now, for the why. What could possibly unite these five men in such a spectacularly ill-conceived plot? Their grievances, it turns out, were a smorgasbord of modern anxieties: government corruption (fair enough, lots of people complain about that), the Jeffrey Epstein files (a classic conspiratorial touch), and – this is where it gets good – ‘the spread of AI data centers.’ Yes, because nothing says ‘I’m mad about government cover-ups’ quite like also being furious that your Alexa is getting smarter. It’s like they picked complaints out of a hat labeled ‘Things That Annoy People in 2026.’ One can only assume their next target was going to be self-checkout machines.

The Real MVP: A Mother’s Intuition, Stronger Than Any Drone

The real hero of this story, however, isn’t a federal agent with a cool code name, but a concerned mom. It was Tycen Proper’s mother who blew the whistle, contacting law enforcement about her son’s recent odd behavior, his sudden interest in firearms, and his alarming online activities. She was worried about his religious zeal and how online individuals were ‘using religion to manipulate and influence her son.’ So, in essence, the entire plot, which aimed to ‘jump-start’ a revolution, was ultimately foiled because a mother did what mothers do best: worried sick about her boy and decided to call someone to check on him. Turns out, a mother’s intuition is the best national security asset.

FBI: Just Another Tuesday

FBI Director Kash Patel, with the calm demeanor of a man who deals with this sort of thing before his morning coffee, simply stated that foiling the plot was “nothing out of the ordinary.” This implies a terrifyingly regular diet of drone-wielding, TikTok-inspired revolutionaries, which frankly, makes us wonder what is ordinary these days. Was there a plot last week involving weaponized Roomba vacuums and a guy upset about artisanal kombucha prices? We may never know.

The Moral of the Story: Call Your Mom

In conclusion, the White House UFC Freedom 250 event was, despite the near-catastrophe, a resounding success for both mixed martial arts and basic security protocols. The FBI prevented what could have been a truly bizarre chapter in American history, all thanks to diligent investigative work and, more importantly, a mother who just wanted her son to stop talking about AI data centers and come home for dinner. So next time you see a suspicious drone, remember: it could be a delivery, or it could be a TikTok revolutionary. Either way, probably best to call your mom. She’ll know what to do.

Source: This story was brought to light by Decrypt. You can read their original reporting here.

Technology changes.

Platforms rise and fall.

Trends come and go.

But true infrastructure endures.

Xaeon Cloud was created with a simple vision: build digital tools, creative systems, and decentralized infrastructure that empower creators, builders, developers, musicians, and innovators to own their work and control their future.

At the foundation of Xaeon Cloud is the RTBNXH ecosystem.

RTBNXH—Recording Tools By NextHustle—began as a music technology initiative focused on creating practical tools for artists and producers. Over time, that vision expanded beyond audio software and evolved into a broader ecosystem encompassing creative applications, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, gaming, digital ownership, and cloud-based experiences.

Today, RTBNXH serves as the backbone of Xaeon Cloud.

Together they form an ecosystem dedicated to one core principle:

Creators should own the platforms they build on, the content they create, and the value they generate.

More Than Applications

The goal was never simply to release another website, another token, or another software product.

The objective is to build a complete ecosystem where creative tools, digital assets, and decentralized infrastructure work together.

Within the Xaeon Cloud ecosystem, users can discover:

• Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)

• Music production environments

• Sample editors

• Synthesizers

• Drum machines

• Creative AI systems

• Game development projects

• Blockchain-native applications

• NFT-powered experiences

• Decentralized publishing tools

• Creator monetization systems

• Experimental Web Audio technologies

• Cross-chain creative infrastructure

Every project contributes to a larger vision of a creator-owned internet.

A Multi-Chain Future

Xaeon Cloud was designed from the beginning to embrace multiple blockchain ecosystems rather than depend on a single network.

The ecosystem actively explores development across:

Bitcoin

Litecoin

Dogecoin

Tezos

Fractal Bitcoin

Each network offers unique opportunities for innovation, ownership, permanence, and distribution.

Rather than chasing speculation, the focus remains on utility.

The question is not:

“What can this token do?”

The question is:

“What can creators build with this technology?”

Music Technology at the Core

Music remains one of the strongest pillars of the RTBNXH ecosystem.

Since the earliest days of online music communities, the mission has been to provide creators with powerful tools that remove barriers between ideas and execution.

The ecosystem continues to explore:

• Browser-based recording studios

• Mobile music production tools

• Real-time synthesis engines

• On-chain audio experiences

• Sample libraries

• MIDI systems

• Web Audio innovations

• AI-assisted composition

• Interactive music environments

The vision is to make professional-grade creative tools accessible from virtually any device with a web browser.

No expensive hardware requirements.

No complicated installations.

Just creation.

Building for the Long Term

Many projects are built for the next funding cycle.

Xaeon Cloud is being built for the next decade.

Every application, framework, and system is guided by principles of:

• Simplicity

• Scalability

• Performance

• Ownership

• Portability

• Accessibility

• Longevity

Technology should become more useful over time, not more complicated.

The goal is to create systems that continue delivering value years after they are launched.

The Creator Economy Needs Better Infrastructure

The internet has created unprecedented opportunities for creators.

At the same time, many creators remain dependent on platforms they do not control.

Algorithms decide visibility.

Platforms determine monetization.

Policies can change overnight.

Xaeon Cloud represents an alternative approach.

An ecosystem where ownership, transparency, and creator empowerment are foundational principles rather than afterthoughts.

The future creator economy requires more than social media.

It requires infrastructure.

Beyond Web3 Hype

Innovation should solve real problems.

Xaeon Cloud focuses on utility-first development.

That means creating tools people can actually use:

• Functional applications

• Productive workflows

• Creative software

• Interactive experiences

• Digital ownership systems

• Decentralized publishing frameworks

The goal is not to follow trends.

The goal is to create lasting value.

The Road Ahead

The next chapter of Xaeon Cloud includes continued expansion across creative technology, artificial intelligence, gaming, blockchain infrastructure, and creator-focused software.

As the ecosystem grows, RTBNXH remains the foundation powering that vision.

More applications.

More creative tools.

More decentralized experiences.

More opportunities for builders and creators worldwide.

Xaeon Cloud is not simply a platform.

It is an evolving ecosystem dedicated to empowering the next generation of creators, developers, musicians, and innovators.

Built on ownership.

Powered by creativity.

Driven by innovation.

Backed by RTBNXH.

Welcome to Xaeon Cloud.

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It was another week with a ton of focus on the CFTC and how it is approaching prediction market rules with the first of many expected rulemakings on the topic of event contracts dropping last week. But we also got some significant rule change proposals from the SEC which will impact tokenized security trading when that day comes, and a farewell speech from Crypto Mom.

Here’s everything that happened last week in crypto law:

CFTC Releases First Prediction Market Rulemaking Focused on Public Interest Issues

The CFTC released the first of what is expected to be a series of rulemakings specific to prediction markets, this one focused on “Enumerated Activities” and when event contracts involving those activities go against the public interest. The most significant takeaway is that the CFTC is officially moving away from the idea that sports and other event contracts are presumptively problematic. Instead, the agency proposes evaluating contracts through a balancing test that considers factors such as hedging utility, information value, market integrity risks, insider information concerns, and whether an exchange can effectively oversee the market. No single factor would be dispositive.

Tl;dr– Special Rule 40.11 from Dodd-Frank and the CFTC’s implementing rules surrounding that provision has been a heavily debated topic in state agency litigation against the CFTC and its registrants, so it isn’t surprising to see the CFTC start there. The proposal represents one of the most prediction-market-friendly rulemakings ever issued by the CFTC. While it does not eliminate the agency’s ability to block event contracts, it replaces ad hoc decision-making with a structured framework that is likely to make approval of many prediction market products, including some sports-related contracts, significantly more predictable. The Digital Chamber will be responding with tweaks to further improve upon this rule and in support of the overall framework proposed.

OTHER STORIES

Everything App: SEC Chair Atkins has been a big proponent of revising SEC rules so people can have an “everything app” and do all their financial planning including trading stocks, crypto, futures, cash, etc. in a single place. So great timing for this article from Galaxy looking at Hyperliquid’s new HLP-4 protocol and Kalshi’s expansion into perpetual futures as these companies look to open more trading options for their users. Hyperliquid.

Prediction Market Monday: The first of a series of posts regarding common prediction market misconceptions is out! This is a recurring series so continue to check out The Digital Chamber’s socials and blog to learn more every week. Since I post this on Tuesdays, here’s a little peak at Week 2’s post as well.

Hester Speech: I know I feature a ton of SEC Commissioner Peirce statements since she seemingly never misses, but it was an oversight not to include this banger from two weeks ago. We are losing a brilliant Commissioner soon, so wish her the best in her future teaching and beekeeping endeavors.

Atkins Wins Long Battle Against NMS Rules: When Chair Atkins was just a standard SEC Commissioner back in 2005, he issued a historically scathing 44-page dissent against implementing Reg. NMS’s adoption. So it is no surprise to see the proposal to rescind those rules. But what people aren’t focused on (but should be) is how Rule 611 which is rescinded as well was one of the biggest technical blockers from trading tokenized equities in DeFi. A return to principles-based best execution is something DeFi can actually do functionally.

Accelerator Pushing Blockchain: Probably the most successful start-up accelerator on Earth, YCombinator, is saying if Clarity Act passes it expects every single one of its portfolio companies to implement blockchain-enabled technologies in some way. This is a story that kind of flew under the radar but is huge. Basically the companies that have the best chance of being the next Stripe or Door Dash are all going to be using crypto.

DOJ Laundering Charges: Things I love about the recent DOJ case against two individuals charged with money laundering crypto: (1) if all of crypto is money laundering, why do criminals need to use individuals like this to launder crypto? Answer: because crypto is incredibly difficult to actually launder because of the permanent and public data on all transactions. (2) this proves the DOJ can still go after money launderers and bad actors without needing to stretch the laws to encompass neutral software developers.

Crypto Tax Hearing: As covered last week, the House has released a series of crypto-tax proposals ahead of a hearing that occurred this past week. It seems like there is some urgency and bipartisan support for clearing up crypto-tax rules so certainly something to continue monitoring.

Morpho Token Raise: What is interesting about this recent raise announcement from Morpho is the fact that there is no entity owning equity in Morpho with the sale entirely coming from tokens. Not double dipping with tokens and equity in a development company that owns the IP. Just tokens. Brave new world!

CONCLUSION

If you have any questions or would like me to write about anything else, let me know on Twitter (X?) or Farcaster. Any typos or errors are intentional to prove I am not AI. As always, I am an attorney, I am not your attorney. For legal advice, you should always consult (and pay for) an attorney.

Outro/Disclaimer: In late 2022, while I was at Polsinelli, I started preparing weekly updates for attorneys at the firm to stay abreast of the latest Web3 legal developments. I now post the weekly updates on my personal blog every Tuesday, where I also provide links to more obscure legal developments and otherwise discuss industry trends and stories. Please note, the views and opinions I express are solely my own. They do not reflect the official stance or endorsement of the Digital Chamber or any of its members.

The first generation of perp DEXs was built around AMM-style pools.
GMX proved that on-chain perps could work.
But the AMM perp model was never perfect for active trading.
It came with borrow fees, limited listings, oracle-based pricing and no true orderbook microstructure.
That is fine for some large, less frequent trades.
It is not ideal for scalpers, market makers, high-volume traders or anyone who lives inside limit orders, rebates and tight spreads.

The new orderbook generation changes that.
Lighter uses zk-rollup infrastructure to combine CEX-like speed with stronger verifiability.
edgeX focuses on risk-engine survivability and validity-proof architecture.
Paradex brings perps and options into one cross-margined derivatives venue.
GRVT leans into a licensed hybrid model for traders who need a more compliant structure.
DESK is the frontier newcomer with points-farming potential.
Hyperliquid remains the depth and listings benchmark.
And GMX still has a role, but a narrower one.

The big lesson:
The AMM perp is not dead.
Its job has changed.
It remains useful for large, less frequent, pool-based execution where zero price impact matters.
But active trading is moving to zero-gas orderbook DEXs.

The real question for traders is not:
“Which DEX is best?”
The better question is:
“What tradeoff do I want?”
Speed.
Custody.
Listings.
Depth.
Cost.
Compliance.
Options access.
Points farming.

Every venue gives up something to feel fast.
That is why Decentralised News built the DN Latency-to-Custody Tradeoff Grid.
Because the future of DeFi perps is not one perfect venue.
It is choosing the right compromise.

Full guide on Decentralised News: https://decentralised.news/zero-gas-generation-orderbook-dexs-amm-perps

#Crypto #DeFi #PerpDEX #DEXTrading #CryptoDerivatives #OrderbookDEX #Hyperliquid #Lighter #edgeX #Paradex #GRVT #GMX #OnChainTrading #PerpetualFutures #CryptoTrading #RiskManagement #DecentralisedNews

Recap: proof-of-quantum

The idea behind a quantum challenge is exactly same as the one around creating unusable public keys covered in a previous post: we invert the usual order of operations for key generation. Instead of generating an ECDSA private key first and deriving the public-key from the private scalar, we start by picking a public-key as the output of some hash function or other pseudo-random process operating on a natural input such as digits of pi or an English sentence. In the literature these are known as “NUMS” schemes, for nothing-up-my-sleeve: anyone else can verify those bytes were generated as part of a deterministic process without sneaking in arbitrary choice of parameters that could influence the result. Assuming the resulting public key is valid— in the sense of being a valid curve point, and there is roughly 50% chance of that for any random starting point— there is good reason to believe the private key was not known in advance. Recovering that unknown private key from the public key we picked is computationally intractable for classical computers. This is why we treat such keys as “unusable:” no one can sign with them, even the person who generated the corresponding public key. If a lock is designed to only open for those in possession of the private key, we can assert that door will never open.

Quantum computers invalidate that core assumption: they can efficiently solve the discrete logarithm problem and recover the private key. This provides a straightforward way to prove the existence of a quantum attack: pose a suitable challenge and wait for a solution.¹

Quantum challenges on blockchains

On paper a blockchain would be a great platform for posing such a challenge: anyone can participate and if the challenge is structured appropriately, the winner does not have to worry about whether they will get paid. Contrast this with competitions run by a centralized entity with private submissions: whether the reward is given is very much at the discretion of that organization.

In fact, many observers have wryly pointed out that all blockchains operate a massive, unofficial bug-bounty with all attacks considered fair-game, including quantum computing. If one can recover private keys— or at a lower bar, trick the legitimate owner into signing with those keys— they can “collect a bounty” or in more colloquial terms, commit theft.

Unfortunately when any attack is fair-game, it becomes difficult to distinguish a ground-breaking quantum computer advance from garden-variety security breach or disgruntled insider. This is where the NUMS approach comes into pay: if one can prove no one could have known the private key to begin with, it could only have been a quantum attack.

There are some subtleties around realizing this purely on-chain. The first problem is that blockchain addresses are not same aspublic-keys. Addresses are typically commitments to public-keys that are derived from the key. For example a Bitcoin address is obtained from the ECDSA public-key by applying two hash functions in a sequence. This process is one-way: it is not possible to infer the public-key from the address. The original public key is not revealed until withdrawing from that address. That means merely depositing the bounty bitcoin at some address is not enough; one must also disclose the public-key.

That could be done either by:

1. Out-of-band, for example in a blog post announcing the challenge
2. On chain, by withdrawing a symbolic fraction of the bounty while leaving the majority of the funds at the same address.

The second solution is appealing in that it operates entirely on-chain without relying on additional communication channels. That also means it can be used to create tripwires: quantum-canaries that are not publicized ahead of time, and therefore unknown to attackers. A rational attacker armed with a quantum computer may deliberately want to stay under the radar, and avoid attacking known bounty addresses. But if some collection of coins looks like any other address on chain, there is a real possibility they will accidentally target that address and unwittingly herald the arrival of Q-day.

Unfortunately this design also runs into a circularity: if the private key is not known to the organizer of the challenge, they can not execute an ordinary withdrawal to deliberately leak the public-key either. One might suspect multisig could solve that problem. For example, one could create a 1-of-2 multisig address, with one known and one provably unknown key. Then a withdrawal using the known key ends up revealing both public keys. But this also poses a problem for the canary: since both keys are exposed, the attacker also gets their choice of targets. In fact a rational attacker would always choose to break the private key that was already used on-chain instead of the canary, since that pattern blends in with existing attack patterns. At that point we are back to the original problem: was it a garden variety compromise of the known private-key or was it a quantum attack?

Taproot addresses as ideal tripwires

This is where the new Taproot addresses come in, solving both problems at once. Unusual among blockchain address formats, Taproot addresses are public keys. They are also commitments to alternative spending paths, defined by ordinary Bitcoin script and efficiently compacted into a compact Merkle tree. Funds can be spent either by doing a Schnorr signature with the public-key defined in the address or by disclosing the internal structure of the address, including the specific node in the Merkle tree selected for a particular transaction.

This structure allows for an optimal bug-bounty structure:

• Merely depositing funds into a taproot address creates a target for a quantum computer. No withdrawals or publishing additional data offline requierd.
• That address looks no different than any other taproot address. In other words, the setup can also function as a tripwire if one does not publicize it in advance. (You can still prove after the fact that it was generated in a NUMS fashion.)
• If no one trips the alarm after a given period of time, it is possible to reclaim the funds. This solves for another problem with the deposit-and-publish approach: if the private key is truly unknown, those funding the reward program will never be able to get their funds back, even if the reward is never claimed and the early-warning system is no longer necessary.

Canaries and tripwires with smart-contracts

Not surprisingly, it is possible to construct much better canaries on layer-ones with smart-contract capabilities. Turing completeness overcomes two limitations of the Bitcoin canary approach:

1. Each canary requires recovering a specific private key. Consider a benevolent quantum capable intelligence agency that wants to tip off the world or for that matter a Snowden-type insider who wants to signal that capability exists. In order to announce the discovery using the Bitcoin blockchain, they would have to break that specific private key. But what if they had already solved other NUMS-style challenges internally as part of demonstrating that capability? Those demonstrations can not be used to meet the canary requirement. (Of course they can be leaked through other traditional channels whistle-blowers have historically relied on.)
2. Finding out about Q-day is one thing, taking action is another. While a tripwire getting hit would be front-page news, it leaves everyone scrambling to decide on how to protect their funds. This is why the BitMEX proposal is coupled to a soft-fork that freezes certain funds if the canary is ever triggered.

Purpose built contracts for quantum-canaries

Smart-contract capable blockchains can improve on both of these aspects. This sketch will use Ethereum for concreteness but the same ideas translate equally well to layer-two rollups or Solana.

First a smart-contract can be written to accept a much more generalized type of CRQC proof. Instead of requiring that the prover solve any specific challenge, they can be broaden criteria to accept a much wider selection of NUMS-type schemes. This ideas has been explored in previous work, such as Brace for impact: ECDLP challenges for quantum cryptanalysis. Adopting it to the Ethereum setting involves creating a smart-contract to validate more generalized proofs:

• Prover supplies a seed W, scalar Y, message M and signature S
• A cryptographic hash function such as SHA256 is applied to the seed to generate 32 bytes that are interpreted as the X-coordinate of a public key point.
• This is combined with the supplied Y value to get an alleged² curve point <X, Y>
• The public-point is hashed with Ethereum’s own variant of pre-standard SHA3 (“Keccak”) to generate the corresponding 20 byte address A.
• The built-in ecrecover() primitive is used to recover the expected address E, which corresponds to a public key that would have generated a valid signature S on M
• Check if A ≟ E
• If equality holds, send all funds held by this contract—the reward for disclosing the existence of a quantum computer— to the prover.

Effectively this logic checks that the prover was able to sign some message using a private-key corresponding to a public-key that was generated deterministically from a hash function. Note how much freedom the prover has: they can sign any message. It does not have to be a Bitcoin or Ethereum transaction. (But if a BitMEX-type canary did trigger on Bitcoin, the exact same signed message could be replayed on Ethereum and accepted as proof that Q-day arrived.)

Second, other contracts can be written to depend on this canary. For example, before performing an important operation such as releasing funds, an institutional wallet can check on the canary status to ensure that ECDSA signatures are still reliable. (Recall that Ethereum contracts can call other contracts to retrieve information as part of their execution flow. Retrieving a yes/no answer from another contract would be a relatively “cheap” operation in gas terms.) Every other application is free to use this information as they see fit: for example, a contract could fall-back to an “emergency mode” where it will only accept signatures from a set of backup-keys that have never been used on chain before.

Alternatively one could implement a contract with two authorization paths:

1. Standard ECDSA-based signing. Efficient because ECDSA signature verification is a native operation for Ethereum.
2. Quantum-safe hash based signatures. These would be more costly and possibly have limitations such as a limit on how many messages can be signed.

As long as the canary has not been tripped, the first path is executed. But once the canary signals Q-day, only the second type of authorization is accepted.

Paradoxically, the same power that makes it possible to create such generalized canaries makes it much harder to create tripwires. Recall that a tripwire must be stealthy and look like any other vulnerable blockchain address. A smart-contract carefully crafted to serve as early-warning system to be invoked by other contracts clearly does not fit the bill. Using a plain “externally owned” address controlled by a single ECDSA key runs into the same problem as bitcoin: it is not possible to deliberately leak the public-key without doing a withdrawal, and by definition withdrawal is impossible without the unknown private key. (Ethereum does not have an alternative address format comparable to Taproot that directly reveals public keys.)

Designing for incentives

Dealing with front-running on Ethereum

Building a bug-bounty is one thing. Whether it will work to incentivize disclosure is a different problem. Same goes for tripwires: they are only effective if the attacker is likely to stumble into one early on in their rampage through the blockchain, otherwise the warning comes too late. Before exploring this complex topic of game-theoretical incentives for the hypothetical attacker, we need to address one flaw in the design sketched above.

Let’s posit that the actors deliberately signaling the canary are financially motivated. (Note this does not apply to an attacker unwittingly hitting the tripwire.) They want to collect the associated financial reward. By design the bitcoin held in the Taproot canary is only claimable by the entity who wields the private key corresponding to that address and can sign a specific message. More importantly, that signed message is a bitcoin transaction and unambiguously specifies where the rewards are to be sent: those are the outputs of the transaction. That is not the case on Ethereum: any signed message for a suitably constructed key works and that message need not have any particular structure.

That leads to a problem: since transactions sit in mempool before they are confirmed, there is a window of vulnerability where anyone can observe the proof before it has been officially recorded. They can then construct another transaction with higher gas to tempt the block builders into prioritizing it ahead of the original. If this second transaction executes first, the reward for proving a quantum attack goes to the copycat reporter, not the original person who deserves credit.

There are two complementary ways of dealing with this, depending on the expected disclosure mode:

1. If the entity triggering the canary has access to the full private key, they have full control over what message is getting signed. The protocol sketched above assumed no particular structure in that message, which is useful for accepting the widest spectrum of evidence as proof-of-quantum. While keeping that property we can add an additional check: if the message consists of exactly two blockchain addresses, one being the address of the canary contract, interpret the second address as the destination where rewards will be sent. These transactions can still be front-run but now doing so has no effect: the address where rewards are sent is hard-wired in the signed message. Racing to broadcast the same evidence from a different address only delivers the bug-bounty faster to the deserving recipient.
2. That still leaves open the question of how to safely submit evidence in cases where the person does not control the private-key. For example, a conscientious employee working for an organization that achieved a surreptitious CRQC breakthrough. In this case, they may only have access to a handful of signed message examples, but not the ability to use the CRQC for a selected public-key of their choice. To prevent front-running in that scenario, the contract logic must be modified. Instead of disclosing the evidence outright, there is a two step commit-and-reveal protocol:

• First the reporter commits to the triple <message, signature, rewards address> by sending its hash to the contract. This alone does not trigger the canary since anyone can make up commitments. The canary contract still makes a note of all such commitments, along with the time when they were first made.
• Only after that first transaction has executed and the contract recorded the commitment, the reporter follows up by disclosing the full evidence. The contract checks the evidence as before and also confirms there is a prior commitment serving as a promise to deliver the evidence. There is also a deadline imposed, to make sure commitments are opened within say 24 hours.
• The canary is immediately triggered to indicate proof of a quantum attack. However the rewards payout will have to wait until a few checks are cleared.
• In the best case scenario, there are no earlier unopened, unexpired commitments. In that case the bounty can be paid out immediately.
• Otherwise the priority of the disclosure is being contested. A countdown begins to select among multiple submissions, with the current reporter becoming the leading contender for the reward.
• If any earlier commitment is successfully opened by providing valid evidence consistent with that commitment, it becomes the new leading contender.
• At the end of the 24 hour period, the winning submission can make a final call to the contract to collect the reward.

Note it is still possible to front-run all transactions from the original prover and resubmit them with identical payloads, with higher gas to ensure they are processed ahead of the legitimate submission. But since an adversary has no way to open binding commitments to reveal a different payout address, all they accomplish is accelerating the reward payout to the rightful owner.

Questioning incentives

Underlying all this discussion is an implicit premise: that establishing a high-enough monetary reward is enough to incentivize disclosure on-chain. We now turn our attention to sanity-checking that.

The original BitMEX proposal hinges on a core assumption: a benevolent organization with a CRQC will choose to deliberately reveal that capability on-chain by solving one very specific challenge and reaping the modest associated rewards. This is at best a dubious assumption. If they are financially motivated, there is no need for an artificial bug-bounty. There are exposed public-keys controlling BTC collectively worth billions of dollars that are vulnerable to recovery by a CRQC. As long as compute time on CRQC remains precious, incentives favor chasing after the maximum gain possible with the targeted private key. For example the third-highest balance bitcoin address today has an exposed public-key and a balance north of 140,000₿, a figure that dwarfs any reasonable bounty. An unscrupulous actor can help themselves to a fraction of that amount while retaining plausible deniability that it was an ordinary security breach or human error.

At best a monetary reward can incentivize disclosure by a legitimate organization such as one of the pioneering quantum-computing companies who are already committed to operating within the bounds of the law. But even in that case, why should that company have to jump through the hoops of solving one particular challenge on one particular blockchain? Why not put out a press release with a solution to one of the many previous quantum-computing challenges published in the literature?

By contrast, a quantum-tripwire is useful precisely because it does not depend on good faith actions by the CRQC owner. One would expect an actor unconstrained by legal or ethical rules to chase moderately concentrated holdings of bitcoin first: not too large to panic the market with a major theft—even if there is plausible deniability on root cause— and not too small to waste precious CRQC time on economically unprofitable targets. If the tripwire address falls into that sweet-spot, an attacker could accidentally end up revealing their capabilities. On the other hand, it is also easy for threat actors to avoid that fate: while Taproot transactions account for 15-20% of activity today, they only account for ~1% of stored value. So an attacker can avoid hitting a tripwire by simply steering clear of all Taproot addresses, without meaningfully reducing their expected gain.

The more generalized quantum-canary for Ethereum opens up new incentives, by exploiting the schism between the organization wielding the CRQC and individuals associated with that work. An organization may have no official policy around wanting to protect the bitcoin community by warning of impending capabilities. But there may well exist conscientious whistle-blowers within that organization with access to CRQC development, who choose to take matters into their own hands by disclosing a cryptographically verifiable proof on-chain. These individuals need not even harbor a profit motive. Since the protocol is flexible enough to specify that the bug-bounty is burned (by using the 0 address for rewards destination) it is compatible with disclosure motivated by ideological reasons. On the flip-side of the coin, there is a clear lesson for CRQC operators hoping to remain under the radar: avoid solving any NUMS challenges, even for internal testing purposes. This is rational guidance anyway. By definition a NUMS challenge is an artificial target: no one relied on that key to encrypt highly sensitive traffic or authenticate critical actions. Therefore recovering the corresponding private key will not result in learning useful intelligence from intercepted traffic or impersonating some high-value target to gain access to some system. Given that CRQC time is going to remain extremely valuable, wasting cycles on such a demonstration is unwise even without the added risk of creating undeniable proof that can be leaked.

CP

1 Assuming that discrete logarithm problem is indeed as intractable as believed— it is worth nothing that there is no mathematical lower-bound established on its complexity.

2 Note “alleged” part because there is no guarantee this point is actually on the curve. This turns out not to matter for the correctness of the protocol, because the address generated from such an off-curve point can not be equal to one returned by ecrecover.

Well, folks, gather ’round, because everyone’s favorite ethically ambiguous, unkempt crypto wunderkind, Sam Bankman-Fried – or SBF, as he was known back when he was merely defrauding billions – just had a truly stellar week. If by ‘stellar’ you mean ‘another nail firmly hammered into the coffin of his freedom.’ That’s right, the former FTX CEO, whose charm could seemingly only extend so far as to convince venture capitalists (and perhaps a few very easily swayed politicians), but not, apparently, a panel of federal appeals judges, just lost his bid to overturn his 25-year prison sentence. Unanimously. Ouch. One might say the legal system decided to throw the book, the library, and a small, unsuspecting librarian at him.

The Court’s “Robust” Assessment: A Masterclass in Understatement

The 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan, New York, had a look at SBF’s plea for relief and collectively decided, ‘Nah, we’re good. He’s exactly where he needs to be.’ Their ruling? In the court’s exquisitely polite legal jargon, the government’s case against Bankman-Fried was, ‘conservatively stated, robust.’ ‘Robust.’ Let that sink in. It’s like saying a category five hurricane was ‘a bit blustery.’ Or that the Titanic had ‘a minor hull integrity issue.’ When a federal appeals court calls your multi-billion-dollar fraud ‘robust,’ you know you’ve really outdone yourself. It’s the legal equivalent of receiving an A+ in “Grand Theft and Financial Mismanagement 101.”

FTX: More Than Just a Piggy Bank, It Was a Piggy Bank on Steroids

Circuit Judge Barrington Parker, clearly a man who appreciates a good metaphor (and perhaps a hearty chuckle at SBF’s expense), wasn’t pulling any punches. He stated, and I quote, that while SBF was ‘publicly reassuring customers, investors and regulators that FTX customer funds were safe, he was simultaneously using FTX as his own personal piggy bank, spending customer funds on real estate, political contributions, and investments.’ A ‘personal piggy bank’! Not one of those cute ceramic ones you smash for a gumball, mind you, but an industrial-sized, reinforced vault filled with other people’s life savings, hopes, and dreams, which SBF then apparently smashed with a gleeful grin to buy… well, everything but basic toiletries, judging by his courtroom appearance. Seriously, a hairbrush and some dental floss would have been a worthy investment of stolen funds.

From Legal Appeal to Presidential Plea: SBF’s Hail Mary to Trump

Now, most people, after having a unanimous federal appeals court tell them, in essence, ‘Yeah, you absolutely did that, and it was quite thorough,’ might consider their legal options exhausted. Perhaps take up macrame. Or start a very slow, very long-term plan for a prison-yard garden. Not SBF. Oh no, our hero has another trick up his sleeve, a move so audacious it borders on performance art: he’s formally applied for a presidential pardon from none other than Donald J. Trump. Because when all else fails, why not ask the man known for his, shall we say, unconventional approach to justice?

The Audacity of Hope (and Utter Delusion)

Let’s just pause to appreciate the sheer, unadulterated brass required for this maneuver. SBF, a man convicted of one of the largest financial frauds in recent memory, is asking the former (and potentially future) president for a Get-Out-of-Jail-Free card. This, despite Trump having publicly stated in January that he had ‘no plans’ to pardon Bankman-Fried. It’s like asking your ex for a loan after you totaled their car, stole their dog, and then blamed it all on a rogue squirrel. The audacity is commendable, if utterly delusional. One can only imagine the conversation: “Sir, about those billions… and the orange jumpsuit… can we make it… disappear?”

Pardon Priorities: Digital Drug Lords vs. Scruffy Embezzlers

The original article points out that Trump did pardon Ross Ulbricht, the founder of the dark web marketplace Silk Road, who was serving two life sentences plus 40 years. So, the logic here is: running a dark web market, using Bitcoin for illicit transactions, earning two life sentences? Totally pardonable! Being a scruffy, seemingly well-meaning crypto bro who ‘accidentally’ siphoned billions from trusting individuals into his own opulent lifestyle? That’s a harder sell for the former leader of the free world. It seems there’s a very specific, and highly idiosyncratic, pecking order for presidential clemency. Apparently, ‘digital drug lord’ ranks higher than ‘billion-dollar embezzler with a side hustle in political influence.’ Who knew? Perhaps SBF should have just diversified into illegal substances instead of just illegal asset management.

SBF’s “Robust” Future: Twenty-Five Years to Ponder the Meaning of Crypto

So, SBF’s future remains robustly incarcerated. Twenty-five years is a long time to reflect on the nature of digital assets, the ethics of financial management, and perhaps, the critical importance of a good hairbrush. He might have once commanded a crypto empire, but now he’ll be commanding a spot in the prison library line. The appeals court has spoken, Donald Trump has effectively shrugged (and probably golfed), and the only thing robust about SBF’s immediate future is the length of his sentence. Pass the popcorn, because while the legal drama is winding down, the tragicomedy of Sam Bankman-Fried’s fall continues to be… well, robust. For more details on this unfolding saga of digital misfortune, check out the original report from CoinTelegraph: https://cointelegraph.com/news/sam-bankman-fried-loses-appeal-to-overturn-25-year-prison-sentence.

My perspective on any protocol must evolve alongside the reality of its on-chain data and incentive structures. Today, my strategy regarding XEN has shifted a bit—not because of a loss of faith in its mission, but because I’ve sharpened my focus on the mechanics of its long-term evolution.

Here is the “Wayfinding” theory behind XEN Crypto

• From “Participation” to “System Architecture”: Initially, it is easy to view XEN solely through the lens of individual minting. However, a deeper analysis reveals a critical distinction: staked tokens are effectively removed from the circulating supply. Because they are locked in contracts, they are not currently impacting market liquidity. My focus is shifting away from the immediate churn of minting toward how the protocol manages the future transition of these locked assets back into the ecosystem.
• The Reality of Supply Dynamics: The “mashed banana” risk—the potential for massive supply dilution when these large staking pools eventually mature—is a reality every serious strategist must acknowledge. I have realized that the current stability of the token is partially supported by the fact that such a significant portion of the total supply is currently held in staking contracts and not accounted for as circulating supply.
• The Evolutionary Path: Scarcity through Utility: I still believe XEN is the world’s fairest token, possessing a stubbornness that rivals the early days of Bitcoin. However, for it to transcend its inflationary nature and reach its full potential, the community must double down on engineering scarcity. It is time to prioritize the burn mechanisms and reignite that original spark, especially now as the protocol nears a new stage of maturity.
• Refining the Mission: Whether XEN evolves into a global medium of exchange or a deflationary store of value similar to Bitcoin, it will need to move beyond simple participation. The “winning” strategy is now centered on the protocol’s ability to facilitate consistent, burn-heavy utility, which is the only reliable way to combat the natural inflation of the minting cycles as more tokens inevitably enter the circulating supply.

Bottom Line: My game plan has evolved because I have stopped viewing XEN as a static yet progressing asset. I am now looking at it as an evolving protocol. We are moving into a phase where the maturity of the tokenomics—specifically the balance between the massive amount of staked supply and the smaller, liquid circulating liquidity—will define its next chapter. It is time to respect the stubbornness of the token while acknowledging the complexity of the road ahead. As we approach this maturity, I am convinced that the Burn will become the next major trend once again.

From Rocket Fuel to Digital Gold: Demystifying Tokenized Shares

This isn’t just about ‘getting on the blockchain,’ which, let’s be honest, usually means buying a digital picture of a monkey wearing a party hat for an obscene amount of ‘ether.’ This is about ‘real-world asset tokenization,’ a phrase that sounds like something you’d hear at a really boring, yet incredibly lucrative, dinner party, perhaps after a particularly strong micro-dosing session. Essentially, your soon-to-be-coveted SpaceX shares (or ‘SPCX’ tokens, if you’re feeling fancy) will exist as a digital twin on the Solana blockchain. Think of it like this: your physical stock certificate is now a digital ghost that haunts the blockchain, capable of 24/7 trading. Because who needs sleep when you can trade Space-X at 3 AM from your grandmother’s basement?

The Masterminds of Mayhem: Backpack, Sunrise, and Nana’s Dilemma

The masterminds behind this financial moonshot are Backpack Securities, a name that sounds like a startup that sells high-tech fanny packs to adventurers, but is, in fact, a regulated brokerage and crypto trading platform, and Sunrise, the ‘tokenization infrastructure provider.’ They’re building a bridge, not to Mars, but between your grandma’s traditional brokerage account and the wild, wild west of blockchain-based markets. Imagine trying to explain this to her: ‘Yes, Nana, your investment in Elon’s rockets can now be bought and sold by a guy in his pajamas in Estonia at 2 AM, using a digital token that represents the real share, but isn’t actually the real share, unless you redeem it!’ Good luck with that conversation, and maybe bring a strong cup of tea for Nana (and yourself).

More Than Just a Meme: Actual Ownership (With a Catch)

The real kicker? These SPCX tokens, issued by Backpack, don’t just give you ‘price exposure’ to SpaceX. Oh no, that would be too simple, too pedestrian. They represent actual ownership of the underlying SpaceX shares. And if you’re ever feeling nostalgic for the old ways, perhaps craving the comforting scent of freshly printed paper, you can redeem these tokens for those actual shares through Backpack’s platform. It’s like having a physical key to your house, but also a digital key on a universal remote that works for every house in the world, as long as that house has a very specific, decentralized smart lock. And you can convert the key back to a remote, and the remote back to a key, endlessly. My head hurts just thinking about the user manual for this financial wizardry.

The 24/7 Rocket Market: For the Truly Insomniac Investor

Advocates, presumably the kind of people who understand quantum physics while simultaneously filing their taxes and training for a marathon, argue this could ‘expand access to U.S. capital markets’ and ‘enable continuous trading.’ Which is fantastic news for insomniac day traders, international investors tired of pesky time zones, and anyone who felt left out of the traditional stock market because, frankly, it rudely stopped trading at 4 PM ET. Now, your investment anxiety can be a 24-hour affair, truly global, truly borderless, and truly exhausting. Imagine waking up to find your shares have either mooned or crashed while you were dreaming of puppies. Thrilling! The big question, however, isn’t just about global access; it’s whether demand for these tokenized equities will reach the same astronomical heights as stablecoins. Stablecoins, for the uninitiated, are basically digital dollars, and they’ve been incredibly successful. Because, you know, people like not having their money disappear into the ether (unless they specifically want to gamble it away on the latest dog-themed meme coin, which is a different adventure entirely).

The Portable Future of Finance (or, A Really Fancy USB Stick)

Armani Ferrante, CEO of Backpack, eloquently stated, ‘The future of tokenized equities is not just putting price exposure onchain. It is making underlying securities portable across financial systems.’ Which, if you ask me, sounds like he’s describing a fancy USB stick for money. A really, really fancy USB stick that can be traded globally on a decentralized network by anyone with a computer and a strong desire to either get rich or lose everything very quickly, 24/7, year-round, including national holidays when your traditional broker is desperately trying to enjoy a barbecue without checking their phone. Thanks, Armani, for bringing us closer to a future where we truly never disconnect from the market!

Peak Elon, Prepare for Launch (and Confusion)

This momentous occasion, happening in mid-2026, marks a pivotal shift. Will other titans of industry follow suit? Will we soon see ‘AppleCoins’ and ‘GoogTokens’ zipping around the Solana network while their traditional counterparts close for the weekend, blissfully unaware of the digital mayhem? Will your financial advisor eventually tell you to ‘ape into the tokenized blue-chips’? Only time will tell. For now, let’s just appreciate the sheer audacity of launching a company’s shares into both the traditional financial stratosphere and the crypto cosmos on the same damn day. It’s peak Elon Musk, really. Bold, slightly bewildering, and definitely warrants a few more espressos for everyone involved – especially Nana.

News Source: This article’s core information was inspired by a report from CoinDesk. You can find the original story here: https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/06/10/spacex-stock-is-coming-to-solana-on-the-same-day-it-lists-on-nasdaq

Introduction

Over the last decade, cryptocurrency has evolved from a niche technology known only to programmers and technology enthusiasts into a global financial phenomenon. Millions of people around the world now own digital assets, trade cryptocurrencies, and use blockchain-based applications. What began with Bitcoin in 2009 has grown into an industry worth hundreds of billions of dollars and has sparked discussions about the future of money itself.

Cryptocurrency is more than just a digital currency. It represents a new way of thinking about finance, ownership, privacy, and technology. From enabling instant global payments to powering decentralized applications, cryptocurrency is changing how people interact with the digital world.

This article explores the impact of cryptocurrency on society, business, technology, and the global economy.

Understanding Digital Money

Traditional money is issued and regulated by governments and central banks. People rely on banks and financial institutions to store funds, process transactions, and provide financial services.

Cryptocurrency introduces a different model. Instead of relying on a central authority, cryptocurrencies operate through decentralized networks powered by blockchain technology. Transactions are verified by network participants and recorded on a public ledger.

This system allows users to transfer value directly to one another without requiring an intermediary.

The Rise of Bitcoin

Bitcoin was introduced by the mysterious creator known as Satoshi Nakamoto. Its goal was to create a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that would allow people to send money anywhere in the world without relying on banks.

Initially, Bitcoin had little value and was mainly used by technology enthusiasts. Over time, however, awareness and adoption increased dramatically. Today, Bitcoin is recognized globally and is often referred to as digital gold because of its limited supply and store-of-value characteristics.

Bitcoin’s success inspired the creation of thousands of other cryptocurrencies and blockchain projects.

Financial Freedom and Accessibility

One of the most significant advantages of cryptocurrency is financial accessibility.

Billions of people worldwide either lack access to traditional banking services or face significant barriers when using them. Cryptocurrency allows anyone with an internet connection to participate in the digital economy.

Benefits include:

• Opening a wallet without bank approval
• Sending money internationally
• Receiving payments instantly
• Accessing financial services from anywhere

This has the potential to improve financial inclusion in developing regions and underserved communities.

Faster Global Payments

Traditional international money transfers can be slow and expensive. Transactions often pass through multiple banks and payment processors before reaching the recipient.

Cryptocurrency networks can process transactions directly between users, often reducing transfer times and fees.

For businesses operating internationally, cryptocurrency provides a new way to move funds quickly across borders without many of the delays associated with traditional banking systems.

The Growth of Blockchain Technology

While cryptocurrency receives most of the attention, blockchain technology may have an even broader impact.

A blockchain is a secure and transparent digital ledger that can record virtually any type of information.

Industries exploring blockchain include:

• Healthcare
• Finance
• Supply chain management
• Real estate
• Education
• Government services

Because blockchain records are difficult to alter, they can improve transparency, security, and efficiency across many sectors.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Decentralized Finance, or DeFi, is one of the most innovative developments in the crypto industry.

DeFi platforms allow users to perform financial activities without traditional banks.

Examples include:

• Lending and borrowing
• Interest earning accounts
• Asset trading
• Insurance services
• Investment platforms

By removing intermediaries, DeFi aims to create a more open financial system that is accessible to everyone.

The NFT Revolution

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) introduced a new concept of digital ownership.

NFTs are unique blockchain-based assets that represent ownership of digital items such as:

• Artwork
• Music
• Videos
• Gaming items
• Virtual land

Creators can sell digital works directly to buyers while maintaining proof of ownership and authenticity through blockchain technology.

NFTs have opened new opportunities for artists, musicians, and content creators worldwide.

Cryptocurrency and Businesses

Businesses are increasingly exploring cryptocurrency as both a payment method and a technological solution.

Advantages for businesses include:

• Lower transaction fees
• Faster international payments
• Access to new customer markets
• Improved transparency
• Enhanced security

Some companies also hold cryptocurrencies as part of their investment strategies, reflecting growing confidence in digital assets.

Challenges Facing Cryptocurrency

Despite its growth, cryptocurrency faces several challenges.

Volatility

Prices can fluctuate dramatically within short periods, creating risks for investors and businesses.

Security Risks

Although blockchain technology is secure, users can still fall victim to scams, hacks, and phishing attacks.

Regulation

Governments continue to develop laws and regulations governing cryptocurrency usage, taxation, and trading.

Education

Many people still find cryptocurrency difficult to understand, slowing adoption among mainstream users.

Addressing these challenges will be essential for long-term success.

Environmental Concerns

Some cryptocurrency networks consume significant amounts of energy, particularly those that rely on Proof-of-Work mining systems.

In response, many blockchain projects are developing more energy-efficient alternatives. New consensus mechanisms aim to reduce environmental impact while maintaining network security.

Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important focus within the cryptocurrency industry.

The Future of Crypto

The future of cryptocurrency remains one of the most exciting topics in technology and finance.

Experts predict continued growth in areas such as:

• Digital payments
• Blockchain applications
• Decentralized Finance
• Artificial Intelligence integration
• Tokenized assets
• Digital identity systems

As infrastructure improves and regulations become clearer, cryptocurrency could become a standard part of everyday life.

Conclusion

Cryptocurrency has already transformed the financial landscape and continues to drive innovation across multiple industries. By combining blockchain technology, decentralization, and digital ownership, cryptocurrencies are creating new opportunities for individuals and businesses alike.

Although challenges remain, the long-term potential of cryptocurrency is enormous. Whether used for payments, investments, decentralized applications, or digital ownership, cryptocurrency is helping shape the future of the global digital economy.

Introduction

The world of finance has undergone tremendous changes over the past few decades. From cash payments to credit cards, online banking, and mobile wallets, technology has continuously reshaped how people manage and transfer money. One of the most revolutionary developments in recent years is cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual form of money that uses cryptographic technology to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and central banks, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks, making them independent of any single authority.

Since the launch of Bitcoin in 2009, the cryptocurrency industry has grown into a multi-trillion-dollar market that attracts investors, businesses, governments, and technology enthusiasts worldwide. Today, cryptocurrencies are used for payments, investments, decentralized finance, gaming, digital ownership, and much more.

This article explores cryptocurrency, its history, technology, benefits, risks, applications, and future potential.

The History of Cryptocurrency

The idea of digital money existed long before Bitcoin. During the 1980s and 1990s, computer scientists experimented with electronic cash systems. However, most early attempts relied on centralized organizations and failed to achieve widespread adoption.

In 2008, an individual or group using the name Satoshi Nakamoto published a whitepaper titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” The paper introduced a decentralized payment system that allowed users to send money directly to one another without banks or intermediaries.

On January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin network officially launched. The first block of the Bitcoin blockchain, known as the Genesis Block, marked the beginning of the cryptocurrency revolution.

Over time, developers created thousands of alternative cryptocurrencies, commonly known as altcoins. Many of these projects aimed to improve Bitcoin’s technology or introduce entirely new features.

Understanding Cryptocurrency

A cryptocurrency is a digital asset designed to function as a medium of exchange. Users can send, receive, and store cryptocurrencies electronically through digital wallets.

Unlike traditional money, cryptocurrencies are not printed or controlled by governments. Instead, they are maintained by distributed computer networks that verify transactions and secure the system.

Key characteristics of cryptocurrencies include:

• Decentralization
• Security
• Transparency
• Global accessibility
• Limited supply (for many cryptocurrencies)
• Fast digital transactions

These features have made cryptocurrencies increasingly popular among individuals seeking alternatives to traditional financial systems.

What Is Blockchain Technology?

Blockchain technology is the foundation of most cryptocurrencies.

A blockchain is a digital ledger that records transactions in a series of blocks. Each block contains transaction information and is linked to the previous block, creating a secure chain of records.

Because copies of the blockchain are stored across thousands of computers worldwide, no single entity can easily manipulate the data.

The blockchain process works as follows:

1. A user initiates a transaction.
2. The transaction is broadcast to the network.
3. Network participants verify the transaction.
4. Verified transactions are grouped into a block.
5. The block is added to the blockchain.
6. The transaction becomes permanent and publicly recorded.

This decentralized approach provides security, transparency, and resistance to fraud.

Bitcoin: The First Cryptocurrency

Bitcoin is the world’s first and most valuable cryptocurrency.

Created in 2009, Bitcoin was designed as a decentralized digital currency that allows peer-to-peer payments without banks.

Many investors consider Bitcoin a store of value similar to gold because:

• Its supply is limited to 21 million coins.
• It is decentralized.
• It is globally accessible.
• It has gained significant adoption.

Bitcoin remains the dominant cryptocurrency and serves as the foundation for the broader crypto industry.

Ethereum and Smart Contracts

Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency platform.

Launched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and other developers, Ethereum expanded blockchain functionality beyond simple payments.

Ethereum introduced smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements programmed into the blockchain.

Smart contracts can automatically perform actions when predefined conditions are met. This innovation enables:

• Decentralized applications (dApps)
• Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
• NFT marketplaces
• Blockchain gaming
• Supply chain solutions

Ethereum has become one of the most influential blockchain platforms in the world.

Major Cryptocurrencies

Thousands of cryptocurrencies exist today. Some of the most notable include:

Bitcoin (BTC)

The original cryptocurrency and the largest by market capitalization.

Ethereum (ETH)

A blockchain platform supporting smart contracts and decentralized applications.

Solana (SOL)

Known for fast transaction speeds and low fees.

XRP

Designed for international payment solutions and cross-border transfers.

Cardano (ADA)

Focused on research-driven blockchain development and sustainability.

Dogecoin (DOGE)

Originally created as a joke but later gained widespread popularity.

Advantages of Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency offers numerous benefits compared to traditional financial systems.

1. Decentralization

No central authority controls most cryptocurrencies. This reduces dependence on governments and banks.

2. Fast Transactions

International transfers can often be completed within minutes rather than days.

3. Lower Costs

Many cryptocurrency transactions involve lower fees compared to traditional banking services.

4. Financial Inclusion

Anyone with internet access can participate in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

5. Transparency

Blockchain records are publicly accessible and verifiable.

6. Security

Advanced cryptographic methods help protect transactions from fraud and unauthorized access.

7. Investment Opportunities

Many investors view cryptocurrencies as a new asset class with growth potential.

Risks and Challenges

Despite its benefits, cryptocurrency carries significant risks.

Volatility

Cryptocurrency prices can change dramatically within short periods.

Security Threats

Hackers, scams, and phishing attacks remain common concerns.

Regulatory Uncertainty

Governments continue developing regulations for cryptocurrency markets.

Limited Understanding

Many users struggle to understand wallets, private keys, and blockchain technology.

Environmental Concerns

Some blockchain networks require large amounts of energy for transaction validation.

Investors should carefully evaluate these risks before participating.

Cryptocurrency Wallets

A cryptocurrency wallet allows users to store and manage digital assets.

There are two main categories:

Hot Wallets

Connected to the internet.

Examples include:

• Mobile wallets
• Web wallets
• Desktop wallets

Advantages:

• Convenient
• Easy access

Disadvantages:

• More vulnerable to cyberattacks

Cold Wallets

Stored offline.

Examples include:

• Hardware wallets
• Paper wallets

Advantages:

• Higher security

Disadvantages:

• Less convenient for frequent transactions

Cryptocurrency Mining

Mining is the process of validating transactions and adding new blocks to a blockchain.

Miners use powerful computers to solve complex mathematical problems. When successful, they receive cryptocurrency rewards.

Mining helps:

• Secure the network
• Verify transactions
• Create new cryptocurrency units

Bitcoin mining remains one of the most well-known examples of this process.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Decentralized Finance, commonly called DeFi, is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the crypto industry.

DeFi platforms provide financial services without traditional banks.

Users can:

• Borrow money
• Lend assets
• Earn interest
• Trade cryptocurrencies
• Access financial products globally

DeFi aims to create a more open and accessible financial system.

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

NFTs are unique digital assets stored on a blockchain.

Unlike cryptocurrencies, which are interchangeable, each NFT is unique.

NFTs are used for:

• Digital art
• Collectibles
• Music
• Gaming assets
• Virtual real estate

NFT technology has created new opportunities for creators and collectors.

Cryptocurrency in Business

Businesses increasingly accept cryptocurrency payments.

Benefits include:

• Faster international transactions
• Reduced payment processing costs
• Access to global customers
• Increased financial flexibility

Major companies and startups continue exploring blockchain-based solutions.

Government Regulation

Governments worldwide are developing policies for cryptocurrency regulation.

Regulations focus on:

• Consumer protection
• Tax compliance
• Anti-money laundering measures
• Financial stability

The future of cryptocurrency will likely depend on how governments balance innovation with regulation.

The Future of Cryptocurrency

Many experts believe cryptocurrency will continue evolving and integrating into mainstream finance.

Potential future developments include:

• Wider adoption by businesses
• Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
• Improved blockchain scalability
• Greater regulatory clarity
• Increased institutional investment
• Expanded use of smart contracts

As technology advances, cryptocurrencies may become a normal part of everyday financial activities.

Conclusion

Cryptocurrency has emerged as one of the most important technological innovations of the 21st century. By combining cryptography, decentralization, and blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies offer new ways to transfer value, build applications, and access financial services.

Although challenges such as volatility, regulation, and security remain, the growth of cryptocurrency demonstrates its significant impact on the global economy. Whether viewed as an investment, payment system, or technological breakthrough, cryptocurrency is shaping the future of digital finance and transforming how people interact with money in the digital age.

Here’s what they don’t teach you in school: inflation isn’t like the weather. It doesn’t just happen. It’s made. Deliberately. By people with titles and podiums who understand exactly what they’re doing—and are counting on you not to.

What Inflation Actually Is (Not the Textbook Version)

The official definition they’ll give you is something like “a general increase in prices over time.” That’s like defining a mugging as “an involuntary transfer of personal assets.” Technically accurate. Completely misleading.

Here’s the real mechanic: when more dollars exist chasing the same amount of goods, each dollar buys less. That’s it. That’s the whole trick. More money, same stuff, higher prices.

So who creates more dollars? The Federal Reserve, in coordination with the Treasury, expands the money supply—through bond purchases, low interest rates, and in recent years, direct injection into the financial system. Every new dollar printed quietly steals a tiny fraction of value from every dollar you already hold.

“Inflation is taxation without legislation.” — Milton Friedman

You didn’t vote on it. You didn’t get a bill in the mail. Your bank account balance didn’t change. But your purchasing power did—and it went down.

The Quiet Mechanism: How Your Savings Get Picked Clean

Let’s say you’re disciplined. You save money. You put it in a savings account earning 1.5% interest. You feel responsible. Meanwhile, real inflation is running at 5-6% annually—which, depending on who’s counting and how they’re measuring, has been closer to the truth for most Americans than the official CPI numbers suggest.

What actually happened to your savings? You lost roughly 4% of purchasing power. Every year. While doing everything right.

This is the part that should make you furious. Not at your bank—they’re playing by the rules too. At the system that set those rules. The people who created an environment where being financially responsible and keeping dollars in a savings account is effectively a slow bleed.

And who benefits from all this newly created money? The people who get it first. Banks. Government contractors. Large corporations with access to cheap credit. By the time the new money filters down to wages—if it ever does—prices have already adjusted upward. The working class pays the inflation tax twice: once through higher prices, once through stagnant wages.

The economists have a name for this: the Cantillon Effect. The closer you are to the money printer, the more you benefit. The further away, the more you pay.

Why the Official Numbers Don’t Feel Real

The Consumer Price Index—the CPI—is how the government officially measures inflation. And here’s the thing about the CPI: it’s been adjusted, recalculated, and methodologically revised multiple times since the 1980s. Each revision, coincidentally, made inflation look smaller.

They introduced something called “hedonic adjustments.” The idea is that if a product improves in quality, that improvement offsets the price increase. Your new laptop is more powerful than last year’s, so even if it costs more, the government counts it as cheaper in real terms. On paper, genius. In your wallet, insulting.

They also use something called “substitution.” If steak gets too expensive and you start buying chicken instead, the index substitutes chicken in. You’ve effectively been downgraded in diet, but inflation looks tamed. It measures how poor people adapt to inflation—not inflation itself.

This isn’t conspiracy theory territory. These are documented methodological changes. The real question isn’t whether the measurements changed—they did—it’s whether the changes made the measurements more honest. Spoiler: they didn’t.

What You Can Actually Do About It

Now, here’s where most articles pat you on the head and say “diversify your portfolio” like that solves anything for someone living paycheck to paycheck. I’m not going to do that. Let’s be honest about what actually moves the needle.

First: understand the game you’re in. The financial system rewards asset holders over cash holders. If you hold dollars, you lose to inflation. If you hold things—productive assets, real estate, equity in businesses, scarce commodities—you have a fighting chance.

• Hard assets beat soft currency. Real estate, commodities, and equity in real businesses historically hold value better than savings accounts during inflationary periods.
• Debt denominated in inflating currency can be strategic. This sounds backwards, but if you owe $200,000 on a fixed mortgage and inflation runs hot for five years, you’re paying that debt back with cheaper dollars. Banks know this. Now you do too.
• Bitcoin and sound money alternatives exist. Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap. Twenty-one million, ever. No committee can vote to print more. Whether it belongs in your portfolio is a personal decision—but understanding why it exists is non-optional financial literacy in 2026.
• Increase your productive capacity. The best inflation hedge has always been skills that command higher income. A person with in-demand expertise can reprice their labor. A savings account cannot.
• Reduce dependency on inflating inputs. Grow some food. Reduce subscriptions. Own rather than rent where it makes sense. Every dollar you don’t have to spend is a dollar inflation can’t steal.

Second: stop waiting for permission to understand this. Economics gets mystified on purpose. The jargon, the models, the credentialed priests of monetary policy—it’s designed to make you feel unqualified to have an opinion. You’re not. You experience the economy every day. Your grocery receipt is data. Trust it.

The Uncomfortable Conclusion

Inflation isn’t an unfortunate side effect of a well-meaning system. It’s a feature. It funds government spending without raising taxes explicitly. It transfers wealth from savers to borrowers—and the biggest borrower on the planet is the U.S. government. It erodes the real value of debt. It happens quietly, invisibly, without a vote or a bill or a signature you ever see.

The Roman Empire debased their coins—shaving silver, adding base metals—until the currency was worthless. Every empire that’s gone down this road thought they were the exception. None were.

You’re not powerless here. But you can’t fight what you don’t understand. The first step is calling it what it is: a tax. An invisible one, levied without your consent, paid by everyone who holds dollars and works for wages.

Once you see that clearly, you start asking better questions. Not “how do I keep up with inflation?” but “who benefits when I don’t?”

Those two questions lead to very different places. Which one you’re willing to sit with says everything.

Bogota

“The blockchain is similar to a permanent book of records that keeps a log of all transactions that have taken place in chronological order.

Let’s envision a bank transaction in which there are three parties: the sender, the bank, and the recipient. In order to ensure that there are no fraudulent transactions, the bank acts as the central authority between the parties.

The blockchain also logs transactions between senders and receivers, 

except

Preview: Docs Catches and handles exceptions raised in the try block. there is no bank or central authority. Instead, the blockchain relies on a public network of computers to verify the transaction. The blockchain is just an accurate, and permanent record of all the transactions that have happened amongst the members in that blockchain’s network. In this analogy, each block in the blockchain represents a transaction, and each transaction is connected to the prior transaction to form the entire connected blockchain.

Key Terms:

Blockchain: A blockchain is a continuously growing list (“chain”) of records (“block”), called blocks, which are linked chronologically and secured using cryptography.

Block: A block is an individual transaction or piece of data that is being stored within the blockchain.

“

THE BLOCKCHAIN NETWORK:

So how do Blockchain-based applications like Bitcoin and Ethereum validate transactions without a central authority?

In the blockchain, there are many participants in the network that are constantly checking to ensure that each transaction is valid. Each participant is a computer that owns a copy of the blockchain. These participants cross-reference their copy of the blockchain each time a new block is being introduced. Because this validation depends on multiple participants, the digital record is “decentralized”.

In order for a new block to be added, 51% of all of the participants in the blockchain network must verify that the new block is not fraudulent. Once a block has been verified as a valid transaction, it is added to each participant’s copy of the blockchain.

By having the majority of participants validate a new transaction, the blockchain removes the need for a central authority and automates the completion of transactions, reducing transaction fees while ensuring a high level of security.

Key Terms:

• Blockchain Network: The blockchain network and blockchain are terms used interchangeably. They represent the entire blockchain fromPreview: Docs Loading link description the structure itself to the network that it is a part of.
• Decentralization: The concept in which participants work together to validate transactions without relying on a central authority.
• Participant: A client that owns a copy of the blockchain and verifies transactions across the network.

WHAT ARE BLOCKCS IN THE BLOCKCHAIN?

Just like bricks are the building blocks of a house, blocks themselves are the building blocks of a blockchain.

A block contains transaction data and other important details related to the creation of that block, such as the time when it was created and other unique information. In order to create a block, we must have a record that we wish to store.

In this lesson, we will be discussing transaction data. This is just one example, but blocks can hold different types of data depending on what the blockchain is used for. However, at its heart, a block will always contain a timestamp or the data regarding the time when the block was created. A block will also always contain a unique hash or a unique code produced by combining all the contents within the block itself — also known as a digital fingerprint. Lastly, a block will also always contain a previous hash or a reference to the prior block’s hash. This reference to the prior block is how blocks chain to one another. We will dive into more details about the hash later. These attributes about a block are what make it part of a blockchain structure.

Properties in a Block:

• Timestamp: The time the block is created determines the location of it on the blockchain.
• Transaction Data: The information to be securely stored in the block.
• Hash: A unique code produced by combining all the contents within the block itself — also known as a digital fingerprint.
• Previous Hash: Each block has a reference to the block prior to its hash. This is what makes the blockchain unique because this link will be broken if a block is tampered withPreview: Docs Simplifies resource management by automatically handling setup and teardown actions using context managers..

HASHING

Hashing is an application of cryptography that is fundamental to the design of the blockchain. It is a way to generate a seemingly random, but calculated string of letters and numbers 

from

Preview: Docs Loading link description any input. This is accomplished by the use of a hash function.

Think of a hash function as a machine that takes an object, such as an apple, and turns it into a varying combination of letters and numbers, such as “1a432bf”. The output (“1a432bf”) is known as the hash of the input, the apple. If you give the machine two apples instead of one, it will 

return

Preview: Docs Ends a function and sends a value back to the caller. a different hash (such as “26f5ce1”).

There are many types of machines out there, so the resulting hash varies from machine to machine. Similarly, there are many types of hash 

functions

Preview: Docs Loading link description available. Blockchain uses a cryptographic hash function, meaning that the output is random but deterministic. This means the same input will always produce the same hash. That process is one-way, so the output (hash) cannot be used to produce the original input.

Key Terms:

• Deterministic: The same input will always produce the same output, but that output cannot produce the original input.
• Hash: A calculated string of letters and numbers produced from a specific input.
• Hash Function: A function that takes in an input of a random size, performs hashing on the input, and generates a seemingly random output of a fixed size, also known as the hash.

Introductory Blockchain Concepts

The Genesis Block

2 min

To recap, a blockchain is similar to a permanent book of records — it keeps an accurate unchanging record of all data, or transactions, stored in chronological order. Each block has a reference to the block’s previous hash. This is how blocks are “chained” together. If a block’s contents are tampered 

with

Preview: Docs Loading link description

, the block’s hash changes and the chain breaks, making it difficult to successfully tamper with any one piece of the chain.

Since all blocks in the blockchain have a reference to the previous block, the first block is a little different than the rest. It is known as the Genesis Block. The problem, however, is that the Genesis Block does not have a block before it. So it wouldn’t make sense to have a previous hash stored inside it. To resolve this minor issue, the value of the previous hash is typically hard-coded into the Genesis Block with the default value of zero.

Key Terms:

• Genesis Block: The genesis block is the first block on the blockchain and it is typically hard-coded into the blockchain structure. Being the first block on the blockchain, it does not have a link to a previous hash.

Introductory Blockchain Concepts

Visualizing Blockchain

Congratulations! You just learned the basics of blockchain technology. Below is a review of important terms that you may want to study to further solidify your knowledge on the blockchain.

Let’s remember the vocabulary we learned

• Blockchain: A blockchain is an accurate and permanent record of transactions that have been verified and stored in a chronological sequence.
• Blocks: A block is an individual transaction or piece of data that is being stored within the blockchain.
• Blockchain Network: The blockchain network and blockchain are terms used interchangeably. They represent the entire blockchain fromPreview: Docs Loading link description the structure itself to the network that it is a part of.
• Decentralization: The concept in which users work together to validate transactions without relying on a central authority.
• Participant: A client that owns a copy of the blockchain and verifies transactions across the network.
• Deterministic: The same input will always produce the same output, but that output will never produce the original input.
• Hash: A fixed-length string of a varying combination of letters and numbers produced from a specific input of arbitrary size.
• Hash Function: A function that takes in an input of a random size, performs hashing on this input, and generates a random output of a fixed size, also known as the hash.
• Genesis Block: The genesis block is the first block on the blockchain and it is typically hard-coded into the blockchain structure. Being the first block on the blockchain, it does not have a link to a previous hash.

Block Properties

• Timestamp: The time the block is created determines the location of it on the blockchain.
• Data: The information to be securely stored in the block.
• Hash: A unique code produced by combining all the contents within the block itself — also known as a digital fingerprint.
• Previous Hash: Each block has a reference to the block prior to its hash. This is what makes the blockchain unique because this link will be broken if a block is tampered withPreview: Docs Loading link description.

Diving Deeper into Blockchain

Adding More Blocks

1 min

In this exercise, we’ll explore how blocks are confirmed and added to the blockchain.

The first step in adding blocks is verifying transactions. This means making sure that transactions haven’t been swapped or duplicated. For simplicity, we will assume that all participants know how to verify transactions and that they will verify them honestly. As you progress through this lesson, you will explore how verification really works in later exercises.

The next step is establishing a consensus in the network. In other words, the entire network needs to agree to the transactions.

Assuming everyone honestly verified the transactions, a random participant broadcasts their block to the entire network. If more than 51% of the participants agree 

with

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 the block, a consensus has been reached, and the block is now said to be confirmed!

However, the network might not agree on the first 

try

Preview: Docs Attempts to execute a block of code and lets the program handle exceptions gracefully if errors occur.

. This would happen if someone tried to share an invalid block. The network would reject the attempt at introducing a fake transaction!

The key takeaway 

from

Preview: Docs Used to import specific attributes, classes, or functions from a Python module.

 this exercise is that — as long as the majority of participants verify transactions honestly, the blockchain remains secure.

Key Terms:

• Consensus: The process of agreeing to the transactions on the blockchain network.

Diving Deeper into Blockchain

How Hashing Maintains the Blockchain’s Integrity

1 min

In the previous lesson, we briefly touched upon the idea of hashing — generating a random string of characters 

from

 a given input. Let’s go a step further and explore why hashing is so fundamental to the design of the Blockchain.

In a blockchain, each block has a unique hash and a link to the previous block’s hash. If a participant decides to tamper 

with

 a block by modifying the transactions, the block’s unique hash gets changed. However, the following block does not update to reflect this change — it still points to the previous block’s hash. Thus, there is a mismatch between hashes and the link between blocks is broken. This results in an invalid copy of the blockchain.

In this way, the records in the blockchain cannot be altered. In other words, the records are said to be immutable.

But what if someone tampers with a block and recalculates the hashes for every single block? Does hashing still guarantee that the blockchain is fully secure? Let’s find out in the next exercise.

Key Terms:

• Hashing: Generating a random string of characters from a given input.
• Immutable: Something whose records can’t be changed.

question by Ilana: how does the database count time? unit, measure, operation? what was the initial date?

Diving Deeper into Blockchain

Is Hashing Enough to Secure the Blockchain?

1 min

We ended the last exercise on a cryptic note — what if an attacker tampers 

with

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 a block and then somehow covers their tracks by recalculating the hash of each subsequent block to make the blockchain valid once again? Let’s explore this concept through an example.

Let’s say we have three blocks: A, B, and C with hashes X123, Y456, and Z789 that represent the state of each block. If an attacker tampers with Block A, its contents get changed, so its hash gets changed — let’s say the hash is changed 

from

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 X123 to 123X. Block B no longer points to Block A because the previous hash X123 no longer matches with the new hash 123X. The only way for the attacker to make the chain valid is by fixing this mismatch. For Block B to point to Block A, its previous hash needs to be changed from X123 to 123X.

However, this also counts as tampering with Block B’s data. Thus, its hash also gets changed. If the attacker repeats this process for all subsequent blocks, they will have succeeded in creating a valid copy of the blockchain!

Key Terms:

• Recalculating Hashes: Replacing the incorrect hash with a “correct” one to validate the chain.

the next is ALSO KNOWN AS THE SOLUTION TO THE BYZANTINE GENERALS; PROBLEM

Diving Deeper into Blockchain

Is Hashing Enough to Secure the Blockchain?

1 min

We ended the last exercise on a cryptic note — what if an attacker tampers 

with

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 a block and then somehow covers their tracks by recalculating the hash of each subsequent block to make the blockchain valid once again? Let’s explore this concept through an example.

Let’s say we have three blocks: A, B, and C with hashes X123, Y456, and Z789 that represent the state of each block. If an attacker tampers with Block A, its contents get changed, so its hash gets changed — let’s say the hash is changed 

from

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 X123 to 123X. Block B no longer points to Block A because the previous hash X123 no longer matches with the new hash 123X. The only way for the attacker to make the chain valid is by fixing this mismatch. For Block B to point to Block A, its previous hash needs to be changed from X123 to 123X.

However, this also counts as tampering with Block B’s data. Thus, its hash also gets changed. If the attacker repeats this process for all subsequent blocks, they will have succeeded in creating a valid copy of the blockchain!

Key Terms:

• Recalculating Hashes: Replacing the incorrect hash with a “correct” one to validate the chain.

Diving Deeper into Blockchain

Securing the Blockchain Further

1 min

Believe it or not, the security measures introduced in the previous exercises are not enough to secure the entirety of the blockchain. There needs to be another layer of security to protect the blockchain 

from

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 outside interference. Allowing anyone to tamper 

with

Preview: Docs Loading link description

 their copy of the blockchain and trick everyone on the network to update their copies is a big problem.

An additional requirement needs to be introduced that makes it infeasible for someone to tamper with subsequent blocks and take over the blockchain.

Just like how the bank has an accountant to verify transactions manually, the blockchain has a clever technique called Proof-of-Work that accomplishes two important goals:

• It makes it difficult for participants to modify blocks by re-calculating hashes.
• It relies on bulletproof cryptography instead of anonymous participants to verify transactions.

This essentially creates a trustless system and is the main reason why the blockchain is so secure and powerful. Let’s see how Proof-of-Work actually works in the next exercise.

Key Terms:

• Proof-of-Work: A security feature in blockchain to prevent attackers from easily taking over the blockchain.
• Trustless: A feature of blockchain that states how the system doesn’t rely on any participant to verify transactions.

1946 – BIRTH OF DONALD TRUMP

Trump and his family are heavily involved in the digital currency space through several ventures, including the “USD1” stablecoin (peddled as “The Dollar, Upgraded) and purely speculative $TRUMP meme coin. Both have generated massive profits for the Trump family but have resulted in huge/”yuge” financial losses for many retail investors. The United Arab Emirates invested $2 billion in World Liberty Financial, a crypto and decentralized financial business connected to the Trump family. The $TRUMP meme coin has yielded hundreds of millions in personal profits. 

2013 — FACEBOOK MESSAGE TO BILL MOYERS ON MONETARY REFORM

“Dear Mr. Moyers;

An extremely interesting conversation with Richard Wolf today on WAMC @ 2:30. He spoke of the critical problem with capitalism, but failed to say what the problem actually was and I found it interesting that even he decided not to speak of this critical problem.

I urge you to go to Stephen Zarlenga @ http://www.ami.org and read his book The Lost Science of Money. The critical problem with Capitalism is the private ownership of Money by the Federal Reserve since the beginning of our country and the fractional reserve system basing money as debt. I could go on and on but thought you would be better informed by reading this book. If you get a chance, tell me what you think.

Thank You

Henry A. Kirchdorfer III”  https://www.facebook.com/moyersandcompany/posts/610306285654053

2017 – “THE IMF CONFIRMS THAT ‘TRICKLE-DOWN’ ECONOMICS IS, INDEED, A JOKE” ARTICLE POSTED 

“Few people know, however, that the phrase was actually coined by American humorist Will Rogers, who mocked President Herbert Hoover’s Depression-era recovery efforts…

“Rogers’ joke became economic dogma within two generations, thanks in large part to Reagan…

“Now, nearly 80 years later, Rogers’ quip is getting the punchline it deserves…

“‘Specifically, if the income share of the top 20 percent increases, then GDP growth actually declined over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down.'”

JUNE 15

1836 – CHARTER (LICENSE) FOR SECOND NATIONAL BANK OF THE UNITED STATES REPEALED 

This was the third quasi national bank of the former British colonies — following the Bank of North America (1781-1785, chartered by the Continental Congress) and Bank of the United States (1791-1811, chartered by the US Congress). While called a “national” bank, it was not public but actually a commercial/corporate bank with the power to issue money directly. Early on, it issued a huge amount of money (more than 20 times its reserves) as loans that led to financial speculation and large corporate profits. A year later, it stopped issuing loans, resulting in a severe contraction of the money supply. This led to massive bankruptcies and the Panic of 1819. When President Andrew Jackson threatened to repeal its charter, the Bank’s leaders used its power to restrict money circulation to cause another depression. Bank President Nicolas Biddle wrote, “Nothing but widespread suffering will produce any effect on Congress…Our only safety is in pursuing a steady course of firm restriction – and I have no doubt that such a course will ultimately lead to restoration of the currency and the recharter of the Bank.” 

President Andrew Jackson said this about the bank; “The immense capital and peculiar privileges bestowed upon it enabled it to exercise despotic sway over the other banks in every part of the country. From its superior strength it could seriously injure, if not destroy, the business of any one of them, which might incur its resentment; and it openly claimed for itself the power of regulating the currency throughout the United States. In other words, it asserted (and it undoubtedly possessed) the power to make money plenty or scarce at its pleasure, at any time and in any quarter of the Union, by controlling the issues of other banks and permitting an expansion or compelling a general contraction of the circulating medium, according to its own will.”

2018 –  “NOMI PRINS: THE CENTRAL BANKING HEIST HAS PUT THE WORLD AT RISK,” PUBLISHED ARTICLE

“The 2008 financial crisis was the consequence of a loosely regulated banking system in which power was concentrated in the hands of too limited a cast of speculators…And after the crisis, the way the US government and the Federal Reserve dealt with this corrupt and criminal banking system was to give them a subsidy.” https://unherd.com/2018/06/nomi-prins-central-banking-heist-put-world-risk/

2019 – “MICHAEL KUMHOF: BANKS ARE NOT INTERMEDIARIES OF LOANABLE FUNDS” VIDEO 

“Banks are not intermediaries of loanable funds – Facts, Theory and Evidence

“Michael Kumhof is Senior Research Advisor in the Research Hub of the Bank of England. Before that, he was Deputy Division Chief, at the Modeling Division in the Research Department at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2004 to 2015). Kumhof was responsible for developing the Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal Model of the IMF which is used at several central banks, for IMF policy and scenario analyses, for the World Economic Outlook, and for G20 work. Before that, he was Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1998 to 2004). His research focuses on the role of banks in the economy and on different monetary systems.

“Filmed in “The Future of Money” conference in Stockholm 15 June 2019. The conference discusses about the problems of our current monetary system, CBDC aka Central Bank Digital Currency, and about alternative systems and different solutions beyond a CBDC.

2021 – “WE’RE NOT IN A REAL ESTATE BUBBLE: IT’S FAR WORSE THAN THAT” POSTED ARTICLE

“The first day of real estate college, our professor made a joke:

“’Mortgage comes from two Latin root words: Mort meaning death, and gage meaning grip.’

“It’s not a funny joke.

“It’s actually quite sobering.

“A mortgage is a death grip.

“And it’s a raw deal, too: You put up real cash as a down payment, plus your house and your credit as collateral, and what does the bank do? It literally creates credit — fake money — out of thin air, which you then have to pay back, with interest and hard-earned real money. And if you miss just 3–6 payments in a row in a 25–40 year window, they take your house away, ruin your credit, and make you start again.”

2023 – “MONEY AS A DEMOCRATIC MEDIUM” – FIRST DAY OF CONFERENCE

“We’re delighted to announce Money as a Democratic Medium 2.0. The Conference will be held in two locations in order to maximize participation while minimizing carbon impacts: Cambridge, MA (Harvard Law School, June 15-17, 2023) and Hamburg, Germany (the Hamburg Institute for Social Research and THE NEW INSTITUTE,  June 15-16, 2023).  The Conference is open to all students of money, credit, and finance, the monetary system, and the modern economy, including members of the public. We will offer robust online access and we encourage distant participants to join us virtually.”

JUNE 16

1929 – DEATH OF VERNON PARRINGTON, HISTORIAN

“The only safe and rational currency is a national currency based on the national credit sponsored by the state, flexible and controlled in the interests of the people as a whole.”

2021 – “LOCALIZING MONETARY REFORM” posted article by Greg Coleridge and Steve Norris

“Organizing for any solution to a national problem presents multiple challenges, among them is to make the proposed solution relevant locally to people’s lives.

“Bigger problems require proportionally bigger solutions, but those solutions can be difficult for individuals to relate to unless there are tangible ways presented to both understand the problem and solution and to take actions to bring change. 

“Educating on our destructive monetary system and proposing ways to democratize it to benefit people, places and the planet certainly falls into this category of a big problem needing a big solution. But how to localize it? 

“There are multiple strategies available to monetary reformers…”

JUNE 17

2009 – PRESIDENT OBAMA RELEASES PLAN FOR FINANCIAL REFORM

“President Obama’s plan to reshape financial regulation seeks to give Washington the tools to police the shadow system of finance that has grown up outside the government’s purview, and to make it easier for regulators to head off problems at large, troubled institutions. However, the president’s plan results from many compromises with industry executives and lawmakers, and is not as bold as some had hoped.” Among the less than ” compromises with industry” were permitting financial institutions to promote various types of derivatives, cutting the number of bank regulators, and granting new powers to the private Federal Reserve.

2020 – IT IS THE BANKING STUPID, POSTED ARTICLE BY GREG DANEKE

I believe that patchwork reforms are now insufficient. If we fail to substantially alter our systems of money and banking, the pace of financial crises will quicken, and the entire economy further disabled. Furthermore, as more employment is made redundant or precarious, while inequity and injustice intensify, the dispossessed and disenfranchised will make the current unrest look like a day at the beach. And, full frontal fascism could come to our banana republic of belligerent billionaires.

JUNE 18

1926 – BIRTH OF CHARLES WALTERS, FOUNDER OF ACRES MAGAZINE, A VOICE FOR ECO-AGRICULTURE

“[O]ur forefathers took steps to protect the economic freedom of the United States by giving to Congress, elected by the people, the power to provide a monetary system independent of the monetary systems of other countries, and to regulate the value of the dollar, adopted as our monetary unit, or measure of value. This power automatically gave Congress the right to determine the value of the United States production in terms of United States money.”

2008 – CHRIS DODD PROPOSED HOUSING BAILOUT

As the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee Connecticut’s Christopher Dodd proposes a housing bailout to the Senate floor that would assist troubled subprime mortgage lenders such as Countrywide Bank, Dodd admitted that he received special treatment, perks, and campaign donations from Countrywide, who regarded Dodd as a “special” customer and a “Friend of Angelo.” Dodd received a $75,000 reduction in mortgage payments from Countrywide. The Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee Kent Conrad and the head of Fannie Mae Jim Johnson also received mortgages on favorable terms due to their association with Countrywide CEO Angelo R. Mozilo.

2022 – “HOW TO RELATE MONETARY REFORM TO CBDC with Edgar Wortman” video

“Dutch monetary reformer, Edgar Wortmann, got his kick-start at American Monetary Institute’s Chicago 2013 conference. Steven Zarlenga, Michael Kumhof and Steve Keen provided him with essential information to co-create the monetary reform movement in The Netherlands. This movement, Ons Geld (Our Money),  was inspired by digitization of money. It considers digitization essential to providing sound money, outside the credit system. But digital money, such as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) or a digital euro, can do harm too.”

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oeLvEXv7IQ

1902 – DEATH OF LORD ACTON, ENGLISH HISTORIAN, POLITICIAN, AND WRITER

“The issue which has swept down the centuries and which will have to be fought sooner or later is the people versus the banks.”

1946 – DEATH OF HENRY SIMONS, PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

“The mistake lies in fearing money and trusting debt.”

JUNE 20

1756 – BIRTH OF WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE, NORTH CAROLINA DELEGATE TO THE 1787-8 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND GOVERNOR OF N. CAROLINA

“So low and hopeless are the finances of the United States, that, the year before last Congress was obliged to borrow money even, to pay the interest of the principal which we had borrowed before. This wretched resource of turning interest into principal, is the most humiliating and disgraceful measure that a nation could take, and approximates with rapidity to absolute ruin:

Yet it is the inevitable and certain consequence of such a system as the existing Confederation.”

The CLARITY Act, and the Digital Future.

Yes, this is about Clarifying where we are going from here, and Why.

We are living in an era defined by a silent, underlying anxiety. It is the question that sits on the mountaintop, ignored by the talking heads but understood by everyone with a stake in the future: Who is actually going to pay for all this mess?

Every nation is asking it. Every citizen feels the weight of it. We are told the U.S. dollar is still in the driver’s seat and that through the “magic” of AI and digital assets, we can steer our way to global salvation. But to understand the path forward, we have to recognize the game we are playing.

The Casino Dynamics

For decades, our financial system has functioned like a massive, interconnected casino. It was built on a foundation of greed and legacy motives, designed by a “house” that thrived on opacity, debt, and the ability to gamble with other people’s money. When the chips were down, the burden of that systemic greed inevitably fell on the players—the taxpayers, the savers, and the creators—because we were all trapped in the same failing, centralized ledger.

We also have to be very wary of where we stand in history. We must remain alert to the reality that China is watching the U.S. and the rest of the world closely, effectively waiting to treat the aftermath of our financial instability as their next meal. They are monitoring every tremor in our debt-ridden, casino-like system, ready to capitalize on any sign of collapse.

But here is the truth the legacy system doesn’t want you to know: They’ve already been fired. They may still be sitting in their chairs in their high-end offices, but nobody gives a damn about them anymore.

While the old guard was busy trying to patch up systems built in the dial-up era, the foundation beneath them shifted. They lost control of the banking system, and they didn’t even see it coming. They are still sitting at the table, shuffling the cards, unaware that the game has moved to a completely different floor.

Why Crypto, Not Gold

There is a temptation to look for safety in the relics of the past, like gold. But gold is a stagnant asset; it cannot move at the speed of the internet, it cannot power machine-to-machine commerce, and it certainly doesn’t solve the problem of systemic inefficiency.

If we attempt to revert to a gold standard, we are choosing a route paved with unnecessary pain. It’s a step backward that ignores the technological evolution of money, and in the end, it would only lead us right back into the hands of the same banksters we are trying to escape. They know how to hoard gold just as well as they know how to manipulate fiat; returning to gold is simply returning to their favorite playground.

The CLARITY Act isn’t just about regulation; it’s the formal acknowledgment of this new reality. It is establishing the digital ground rules that allow the U.S. to cement its position in an economy that is no longer held captive by legacy gatekeepers. Crypto—specifically the transparent, on-chain, and asset-backed systems we are building—is the future because it replaces “casino” uncertainty with cryptographic truth.

While gold sits in a vault, digital assets move, settle, and enable real-time economic activity. By integrating crypto into a clear regulatory framework, we aren’t just protecting the dollar; we are upgrading it. We are evolving from a system based on debt-fueled speculation into one based on hard capital.

Building the New Infrastructure

TheoPrime AI on the X1 blockchain is about driving this exact shift. The X1 blockchain isn’t just about betting on prices or minting random numbers; it’s about creating verifiable assets designed to align with the equilibrium formula of this big mess we all have found ourselves in today.

The old casino will continue to spin, and the “who pays” question will continue to loom over every legislative session. But while the “fired” old guard tries to use 20th-century tools to fix 21st-century problems, we are doing something different. We are building infrastructure that doesn’t need a bailout because it is built on verifiable, on-chain truth.

The future isn’t about hiding in a gold bar. It’s about building a digital ecosystem that is faster, smarter, and more transparent than the casino ever could be.

The ETF Effect Changed Everything

The approval of spot Bitcoin ETFs brought hundreds of billions in new capital from investors who would never have set up a crypto wallet. BlackRock, Fidelity, and Invesco now actively market Bitcoin as a portfolio diversifier — the same language used for gold a generation ago.

Scarcity in an Inflationary World

Bitcoin’s supply cap at 21 million coins is mathematically immutable. After the 2024 halving, new daily supply dropped by 50%. In an environment where central banks have expanded their balance sheets dramatically, an asset with hard-coded scarcity has a compelling structural case.

Smart Crypto Strategy for 2026

• Dollar-cost average rather than timing entries.
• Stick to Bitcoin and Ethereum for portfolio allocation; altcoins are speculation.
• Never allocate more than you’d be comfortable seeing cut in half in 90 days.

FAQ

Is Bitcoin a good investment in 2026? Bitcoin has established itself as a legitimate asset class, but it remains volatile. Appropriate as a small portfolio allocation (5-10%) for most investors.

What caused Bitcoin’s rise to mainstream acceptance? Spot ETF approvals, institutional adoption, the 2024 halving, and improved regulatory clarity all contributed.

XJO – Weekly Chart – the long-term perspective

~2% up in one week looks good on paper, but the long term view shows XJO still in the middle of its wide trading range where it’s been since May last year – over a year. When it gets up near the top of the range or down near the bottom, we might have some reasonable, actionable results. In the meantime, traders will continue to feast.

STW – Daily Chart.

STW is an ETF tracking the XJO. It is useful for discerning trading action and volumes.

Friday saw a big gap up at the beginning of trading which took the ETF up to resistance as noted by the High Volume Node (HVN). Given the rise in ASX Futures on Friday night (+0.64%) we can expect a touch of the Value Zone and resistance formed by the high of 7 May.

SP500 Daily Chart.

Friday’s trading was blurred by the debut of Space-X, the stock that turned Musk into a trillionaire and made many of his employees newly minted millionaires.

Apart from that, the day was unexceptional. SP500 up +0.5% hardly a stellar result (pardon the pun). That took the index up to resistance of a High Volume Node (HVN). Next week will be informative.

The Federal Reserve meets for the first time under the leadership of Kevin Warsh. The Fed will be faced in increases in the head-line inflation figures (CPI and PPI), it is widely expected that the Fed will keep interest rates on hold.

ImpliedVolatility/HistoricalVolatility (IV/HV)

For most of the past two weeks, IV/HV has been rising steadily, but still below the danger level of 1. A solid drop on Friday suggests we could see more upside.

New Highs and New Lows.

8-Day MAs for New Highs and New Lows are locked, more or less, together. That goes with the above observation that the market is in the middle of a trading range.

Sector Performances.

The stand-out performances were by retailers this week, Discretionary +8.05% and Staples +7.62%. Coming in third was Property +3.88%. Those three results suggest that consumers might be letting go of their purse strings with the possibility of an downward revision to interest rates. It’s difficult to see that happening with ECB tightening, U.S. holding steady and headline inflation rising. But – you never know.

I think Discretionary might have run a bit too hard – it is looking well overbought. It is probably too late to get aboard that juggernaut.

Discretionary Chart.

XDJ is going up in an exponential fashion. It’s always hard to know when an exponential rise will finish, but that big horizontal resistance line looks a likely stopping place. Anybody entering now would have to contend with the inevitable slump that will come when this rise finishes. Be cautious. As Buffett says, be fearful when others are hungry and hungry when others are fearful.

XIJ was the worst this week, down -4.58%. That actually looks constructive to me, a pull-back to test recent support. An upside move early next week would suggest to me a resumption of the Australian Technology trade .

ATEC – ETF for Technology.

Contrarian Pick for Next Week

GDX – Australian Gold Miners. GDX on Thursday fell almost to the long-term horizontal support level from November, 2025. That was a base to kick start the huge rise into the end of January of +56%.

I’m not suggesting we’ll see anything like that again, but GDX did kick up strongly from an oversold position on Friday of+3.6%. A move up to the Point of Control looks feasible. That would constitute a rise of about $10.

Gold Miners is well below its 200-Day EMA which has prompted a lot of moaning from pundits that Gold is finished. That’s often a good time to look for a counter-trend rally.

Woodside.

A story came out on Bloomberg on Friday, that EXXON is considering a take-over of Woodside . Both companies have declined to comment.

Anyway, that Bloomberg story kick-started a huge rally in WDS on heavy volume (WDS up more than 6%).

On Friday, the candle hit major resistance then fell back mid-range to settle at the Point of Control. Looks like a classic case of big money manipulating trading.

The take-over sand-pit is one I don’t like playing in – I’ve had a few bad experiences where promising situations collapsed. I’ll leave this one to those who are expert in trading potential take-over targets.

Conclusion.

The Australian market had a bullish bias this week. IV/HV reinforces that bias. Until IV/HV gets above 1, it’s best to be a bit optimistic.

As always, there are opportunities – if you spot them before the crowd piles in – as they seem to be doing with Discretionaties.

Results in New York on Friday were OK after a good result on Thursday. On Friday in New York, most assets were up, Stocks, Gold, Crypto, etc. But not excessively. Oddly, bonds rose – usually, Bonds and stocks trade inversely.

Woodside had a big rise on take-over speculation.

Take care.

[암호화폐] 글로벌 금융 패러다임의 변화와 규제 프레임워크 안착 속에서 내 자산을 안전하게 지켜낼 실전 포트폴리오 방어 전략은 무엇일까요 #암호화폐 #비트코인시황

[암호화폐] 글로벌 금융 패러다임의 변화와 규제 프레임워크 안착 속에서 내 자산을 안전하게 지켜낼 실전 포트폴리오 방어 전략은 무엇일까요 #암호화폐 #비트코인시황 #가상자산투자

전 세계 자본 마켓의 한 축으로 확고히 자리 잡은 암호화폐 생태계는 글로벌 거시경제의 금리 기조 변화와 제도권 기관 자금의 유입 다각화 속에서 중요한 구조적 성숙기를 맞이하고 있습니다. 특히 국내외 가상자산이용자보호법의 본격적인 안착과 주요 거래소들의 메이커 테커 수수료 체계 고도화는 시장 참여자들에게 단순한 시세 차익을 넘어 실질적인 온체인 데이터 정산과 비용 통제를 요구하고 있습니다. 이러한 매크로 유동성의 흐름과 파생상품 마켓 내 미결제약정 추이는 단기적인 변동성 리스크를 자극하는 요인이 되기도 하지만, 동시에 장기 가치 저장 수단과 차세대 스마트 계약 플랫폼의 기술적 매물대 신뢰도를 검증할 수 있는 유용한 활용 포인트가 됩니다. 앞으로 투자자들은 소셜 미디어의 단기 테마성 소문이나 호재에 흔들려 무리하게 고배율 레버리지로 추격 매매하기보다 주봉 기준 핵심 지지선의 이탈 여부를 상시 모니터링하며 리스크를 통제하는 방어적인 매매 기준을 확립해야 합니다. 이 콘텐츠는 정보 제공 목적이며 투자 판단과 결과에 대한 책임은 투자자 본인에게 있습니다. 영상이 유익하셨다면 구독과 좋아요 부탁드립니다.

00:00 거시경제 금융 환경 변화와 글로벌 디지털 자산 마켓의 현주소 진단
01:15 비트코인 및 주요 알트코인의 지배력(도미넌스) 변화와 자본 이동 패턴
02:38 가상자산이용자보호법 가이드라인 안착에 따른 플랫폼 예치금 안전성 점검
03:54 내 투자 시드를 조용히 갉아먹는 국내외 주요 거래소별 수수료 체계 비교
05:12 지갑 주소 오발송 오류와 자산 동결을 원천 차단하는 트래블룰 신원 확인 프로토콜
06:31 급격한 시황 하락 국면의 파생상품 연쇄 청산 리스크를 방어하는 매물대 분석법
07:46 고배율 뇌동매매를 통제하고 시드를 보호하는 지정가 스톱로스 분할 매수 전략

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MO7H3EJvtLg

via 바이비트 선물거래
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdAqo5jof3_-1cVPkHQIrqQ
June 13, 2026 at 08:10AM

from 엔젤코인냥이
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